When the US and Israel launched strikes against Iran on the 28th of February, Iran not only retaliated through military actions in the region, but it also closed the Strait of Hormuz, sending shockwaves through the global economy. Located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, the Strait of Hormuz is a narrow maritime chokepoint connecting Read More…
Author: Hala Gharaibeh
Hala Gharaibeh is a recent Honours Bachelor of Arts graduate from the University of Toronto, where she specialized in Economics and Political Science. She is currently a Junior Research Fellow with the NATO Association of Canada. Her research interests include international security, international political economy, global health security, and humanitarian affairs
When Infrastructure Becomes a Battlefield: Why Civilian Resilience Matters in Modern Conflict
Over the years, modern warfare has shifted away from conventional battlefields to urban centers, exposing civilian populations and critical infrastructure to direct risk. Critical infrastructure refers to the facilities, systems and assets that are required for countries and economies to function properly. As a result, essential systems such as healthcare, energy, water, and communication networks Read More…


